In January of 2021, the Corporate Transparency Act (CTA) was signed into law. The CTA requires companies that meet the definition of a “reporting company” to file a Beneficial Ownership Information (BOI) report with the U.S. Treasury Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN). If you own a business, you may be required to file the BOI for your business with FinCEN by January 1, 2025. To find out more about your reporting obligations, please visit our resource page here.

Following the recent hurricanes, various counties and cities in Florida are offering support for disaster recovery, including permitting assistance and waived fees for home repairs.

Sarasota County: Disaster Recovery Information

Manatee County: Waiving Permit Fees/Hurricane Recovery 2024

Hillsborough County: Emergency Permitting for Minor Repairs

Pinellas County: Storm Recovery Permitting

City of St. Pete: Waived Permitting Fees

City of Tampa: Pop-Up Permit Centers

Hernando County: Recovery Assistance

Pasco County: Pop-Up Building Permit Sites

Pasco County is reopening two pop-up building permit locations and waiving all county fees for home repair and building permit applications related to the storms.

For a full list of recovery resources, including damage repair assistance, visit: WTSP Hurricane Recovery Help Resources

Florida has experienced an estimated $3.95 billion in insurance claims due to three hurricanes in just three months, with numbers still climbing. The Office of Insurance Regulation revealed that Hurricane Milton, which made landfall on October 9 in Sarasota County, has resulted in 204,971 claims totaling approximately $2.48 billion—over 165,000 of which are for residential property damage.

Hurricane Helene, which struck the Gulf Coast on September 26, has generated 121,689 claims amounting to $1.3 billion, with about 30% of these claims already closed. Meanwhile, Hurricane Debby, which hit Florida's Big Bend region on August 5, prompted 21,000 claims totaling $131 million, with more than 75% closed. A significant number of Debby claims were settled without payment, while nearly 8,000 were closed with partial payments. Interestingly, claims related to Hurricane Milton are reported to be lower than those filed for Hurricane Ian during the same period last year. Click here to read more.

On October 24, 2023, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) published its final rule regarding the transition to low-GWP refrigerants in new refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) systems. The EPA initially faced industry backlash over the sell-through mandate of January 1, 2025 for certain HVACR systems; however, on December 20, 2023, the Agency revised the provision to address concerns raised by stakeholders.

The narrowly amended provision now allows one additional year, until January 1, 2026, “solely for the installation of new residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat pump systems using components manufactured or imported prior to January 1, 2025.” The Agency believes this provision will help alleviate worries about stranded inventory, especially in new residential construction projects.

According to EPA, “There is good cause for this rule to take effect without prior notice and comment. EPA is still accepting public comment for 45 days after publication in the Federal Register (at www.regulations.gov, Docket ID# EPA-HQ-OAR-2021-0643). Unlike a direct final rule, EPA will not withdraw this interim final rule if it receives adverse comment; all comments will be addressed in a subsequent final rule.”

The rule in question addresses subsection (i) of the AIM Act, entitled “Technology Transitions,” which provides EPA with the authority to restrict the use of regulated HFCs in sectors or subsectors where they are used. This final rule sets a maximum GWP limit on the HFCs or HFC blends that can be used, and in a few subsectors, EPA has listed specific HFCs or HFC blends that are restricted.

Compliance dates and GWP limits vary based on the sector and subsector, but for residential and light commercial air conditioning and heat pump systems, the final rule now calls for a 700 GWP limit, starting January 1, 2026. For VRF systems, the compliance date was initially January 1, 2026; however, that date is being reconsidered, and EPA will address this issue in a separate notice and comment action.

For most new commercial refrigeration systems used in supermarkets and convenience stores, the rule mandates a 150 or 300 GWP limit, with compliance dates ranging from 2026 to 2028, depending on the size of the equipment.

For new RACHP systems, many in the industry were expecting the rule to include a sell-through period of at least a year for most types of equipment, so that distributors and contractors would not be left with inventory that could not be legally installed. Instead, EPA unexpectedly included a “date of install” requirement for some types of equipment, which would mean that complete, new, split-system air conditioners and heat pumps, for example, would have had to be installed no later than January 1, 2025.

“We did not expect the lack of a sell through-period for essentially any field-charged HFC systems,” said Chris Czarnecki, director of government relations and advocacy at ACCA. “This is because the rule did not provide any discrepancy between the date of installation and date of manufacture for systems charged in the field. Manufacturing was considered ‘complete’ once the system was charged and completely ready to be turned on by the rule's definition.”

Indeed, the rule divided almost all sectors into self-contained “products” and field-assembled “systems,” with vastly different compliance schemes, which was unexpected based on the proposed rule, said Jennifer Butsch, regulatory affairs director at Copeland.

“While ‘products’ have a three-year sell through period, ‘systems’ did not have any sell-through provision,” said Butsch. “For those ‘systems’ that are rated and sold as a matched set, such as in residential HVAC, this could risk stranding inventory in the channel unless they can be used as components for service.”

To further clarify the distinction between a product and a system, EPA states that a RACHP product is considered to be functional upon leaving the factory, and examples include window air conditioning units, refrigerators, and stand-alone display cases. On the other hand, a system is assembled and charged in the field using multiple components.

“Products are something that can be plugged in, like a window air conditioning unit or a refrigerator. These have compliance restriction dates that are associated with the fact that they are products,” said Allison Cain, environmental policy analyst at EPA, in a recent GreenChill webinar. “Systems are those that are assembled and charged in the field and would need to be installed by a technician, such as a supermarket direct expansion system with a centralized compressor room.”

Differentiating between self-contained products and field-assembled systems definitely came as a surprise and added a level of complexity, as well as some challenges that the industry wasn’t prepared for, said Butsch.

“Managing installation dates is inherently challenging for all parties through the channel,” she said. “Traditionally this was only required for larger field-erected systems such as chillers, large rooftops, supermarket refrigeration racks, and industrial scale systems. Under the [initial] rule, any connection of the refrigerant loop appeared to trigger the field-assembled provision, throwing unitary split and any refrigeration applications that need field connection of refrigerant circuit — even when pre-charged in the factory — into this category with a compliance date based on installation.”

A silver lining for some in the HVACR industry is that under this rule, a product or a system may be serviced and repaired throughout its useful life, which includes replacing components as needed. Under the rule, components required to repair existing RACHP equipment may continue to be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or exported indefinitely.

SERVICE AND REPAIR: Under EPA’s final rule, a product or system may be serviced and repaired throughout its useful life, which includes replacing components as needed. (Staff photo)

“We were pleased to see EPA follow through with their inclusive posture towards the repair of HFC systems and the manufacturing of replacement parts,” said Czarnecki. “This rule was written to let existing systems be used until the end of their useful life, and that is something we appreciate EPA taking into consideration.”

This means for outdoor split air conditioners and heat pumps, EPA would allow the replacement of the outdoor R-410A condensing unit followed by the indoor coil at a later date, essentially allowing these split systems to be partially replaced indefinitely, said Butsch.

“This is different from other regulation such as in California, where if a condensing unit is replaced in a split system, this would necessitate compliance with the requirement to use a <750 GWP refrigerant,” she said. “Customers will be forced to comply with the most restrictive requirement — state or federal.”

Still, the separation of products and systems is a serious issue, said Glenn Haun, general manager of refrigerants at Arkema, and while EPA’s subsequent guidance clarified the definitions, there is confusion as to how this can work in the marketplace.

“It appears that under this rule, components for R-410A system repairs can be produced and installed indefinitely, as well as imported already charged without expending allowances, thereby providing additional supply of HFCs, bypassing the phasedown requirements,” he said.

While many in HVACR are cheering the amended sell-through provision, Alex Ayers, director of government affairs at HARDI, cautioned at the recent HARDI meeting in Phoenix, Arizona, that the industry should not look at this as another year to sell R-410A equipment. “Manufacturers are already planning to transition to low-GWP equipment in 2024, and they do not want to supply R-410A equipment for an extra year,” he said.

Article courtesy of ACHR News: By Joanna R. Turpin
https://www.achrnews.com/articles/153927-epa-extends-sell-through-period-easing-inventory-concerns

The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) recently released its final rule regarding the transition to low-GWP refrigerants in new refrigeration, air conditioning, and heat pump (RACHP) systems, and many in the HVACR industry are not happy with parts of the new regulation. The rule addresses subsection (i) of the AIM Act, entitled “Technology Transitions,” which provides EPA with the authority to restrict the use of regulated HFCs in sectors or subsectors where they are used.

This final rule, published October 24, 2023, sets a maximum GWP limit on the HFCs or HFC blends that can be used, and in a few subsectors, EPA has listed specific HFCs or HFC blends that are restricted. Compliance dates and GWP limits vary based on the sector and subsector, but for stationary air conditioning and heat pumps, the final rule calls for a 700 GWP limit for most new comfort cooling equipment, including chillers, starting January 1, 2025. VRF systems would have until January 1, 2026 to comply with the restrictions.

For most new commercial refrigeration systems used in supermarkets and convenience stores, the rule mandates a 150 or 300 GWP limit, with compliance dates ranging from 2026 to 2028, depending on the size of the equipment.

“We did not expect the lack of a sell-through period for essentially any field-charged HFC system.”

- Chris Czarnecki
Director of government relations and advocacy
ACCA

Sell-Through Saga

For new RACHP systems, many in the industry were expecting the rule to include a sell-through period of at least a year for most types of equipment, so that distributors and contractors would not be left with inventory that could not be legally installed. Instead, EPA unexpectedly included a “date of install” requirement for some types of equipment, which means complete, new, split-system air conditioners and heat pumps, for example, must now be installed no later than January 1, 2025.

“We did not expect the lack of a sell through-period for essentially any field-charged HFC systems,” said Chris Czarnecki, director of government relations and advocacy at ACCA. “This is because the rule does not provide any discrepancy between the date of installation and date of manufacture for systems charged in the field. Manufacturing is considered ‘complete’ once the system is charged and completely ready to be turned on by the rule's definition.”

Indeed, the rule divided almost all sectors into self-contained “products” and field-assembled “systems,” with vastly different compliance schemes, which was unexpected based on the proposed rule, said Jennifer Butsch, regulatory affairs director at Copeland.

“While ‘products’ have a three-year sell through period, ‘systems’ do not have any sell-through provision,” said Butsch. “For those ‘systems’ that are rated and sold as a matched set, such as in residential HVAC, this could risk stranding inventory in the channel unless they can be used as components for service.”

To further clarify the distinction between a product and a system, EPA states that a RACHP product is considered to be functional upon leaving the factory, and examples include window air conditioning units, refrigerators, and stand-alone display cases. On the other hand, a system is assembled and charged in the field using multiple components.

“Products are something that can be plugged in, like a window air conditioning unit or a refrigerator. These have compliance restriction dates that are associated with the fact that they are products,” said Allison Cain, environmental policy analyst at EPA, in a recent GreenChill webinar. “Systems are those that are assembled and charged in the field and would need to be installed by a technician, such as a supermarket direct expansion system with a centralized compressor room.”

Differentiating between self-contained products and field-assembled systems definitely came as a surprise and added a level of complexity, as well as some challenges that the industry wasn’t prepared for, said Butsch.

“Managing installation dates is inherently challenging for all parties through the channel,” she said. “Traditionally this was only required for larger field-erected systems such as chillers, large rooftops, supermarket refrigeration racks, and industrial scale systems. Under this rule, any connection of the refrigerant loop appears to trigger the field-assembled provision, throwing unitary split and any refrigeration applications that need field connection of refrigerant circuit — even when pre-charged in the factory — into this category with a compliance date based on installation.”

Legacy Systems

A silver lining for some in the HVACR industry is that under this rule, a product or a system may be serviced and repaired throughout its useful life, which includes replacing components as needed. As it stands now, components required to repair existing RACHP equipment may continue to be manufactured, imported, sold, distributed, or exported indefinitely.

SERVICE AND REPAIR: Under EPA’s final rule, a product or system may be serviced and repaired throughout its useful life, which includes replacing components as needed. (Staff photo)

“We were pleased to see EPA follow through with their inclusive posture towards the repair of HFC systems and the manufacturing of replacement parts,” said Czarnecki. “This rule was written to let existing systems be used until the end of their useful life, and that is something we appreciate EPA taking into consideration.”

This means for outdoor split air conditioners and heat pumps, EPA would allow the replacement of the outdoor R-410A condensing unit followed by the indoor coil at a later date, essentially allowing these split systems to be partially replaced indefinitely, said Butsch.

“This is different from other regulation such as in California, where if a condensing unit is replaced in a split system, this would necessitate compliance with the requirement to use a <750 GWP refrigerant,” she said. “Customers will be forced to comply with the most restrictive requirement — state or federal.”

Still, the separation of products and systems is a serious issue, said Glenn Haun, general manager of refrigerants at Arkema, and while EPA’s subsequent guidance clarified the definitions, there is confusion as to how this can work in the marketplace.

“It appears that under this rule, components for R-410A system repairs can be produced and installed indefinitely, as well as imported already charged without expending allowances, thereby providing additional supply of HFCs, bypassing the phasedown requirements,” he said. “Many of our customers, wholesalers, and distributors are very concerned that if a reasonable sell-through period does not apply to installation of systems, it will create large quantities of stranded equipment, and the industry will not be ready to comply. We understand that EPA is aware of this issue and plans to resolve it.”

Possible Changes Ahead

How EPA plans to resolve this issue was still up in the air at the time this article was written, but at the recent HARDI Conference in Phoenix, Arizona, Alex Ayers, director of government affairs at HARDI, said that some relief may be coming. He noted that in a recent letter, EPA acknowledged that stranded inventory may be an issue with the January 1, 2025 installation date mandated in the final rule.

“They gave us some language that says they are potentially looking at moving the installation date from January 1, 2025, to January 1, 2026,” said Ayers. “‘Potentially’ has a lot of implication, but overall we consider this letter to be good news. It's just a question of how good it's going to be. To me, the No. 1 thing is that it gives the supply chain time to eliminate stranded inventory.”

Ayers cautioned that the industry should not look at this as another year to sell R-410A equipment, as manufacturers are already planning to transition to low-GWP equipment in 2024. Manufacturers do not want to supply R-410A equipment for an extra year, he added, and it’s also very likely there would be a limitation on when these systems can be manufactured and installed at a later date.

“I believe the most likely scenario is that EPA delays the installation deadline for one year for residential and light commercial air conditioners and heat pumps that use high-GWP refrigerants such as R-410A until January 1, 2026 — as long as that system was manufactured prior to January 1, 2025,” said Ayers. “VRF and VRV may be similar, but because they already have an extra year, EPA hasn't been quite as forthcoming in saying they will give them until 2027. What they have said is that they're going to do something — it's just less of an indication of what that relief is exactly going to be.”

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/153927-hvacr-industry-not-happy-with-epa-sell-through-provisions

As mandated by the AIM Act, the commercial refrigeration industry is transitioning away from high-GWP refrigerants, such as R-404A and R-134a, to low-GWP alternatives, such as CO2 (R-744) and propane (R-290). A2L refrigerants will also soon be part of the mix, thanks to Environmental Protection Agency’s (EPA’s) proposed Significant New Alternatives Policy (SNAP) Rule 26, which would allow the use of some of these mildly flammable alternatives in certain kinds of new refrigeration equipment.

Manufacturers have been gearing up for this transition to low-GWP refrigerants for a number of years and are now introducing an extensive range of innovative commercial refrigeration technologies. This wave of innovation is poised to help refrigeration contractors guide their food retailer clients to choose the optimal low-GWP solution — one that meets their specific needs as well as complies with the regulatory requirements.

New Solutions

In Heatcraft’s transition to low-GWP equipment, the emphasis is on enhancing the performance, application robustness, reliability, and quality of new commercial refrigeration solutions, while keeping costs as low as possible, said David Bolaños, head of product management at Heatcraft Refrigeration Products. And because equipment using these new refrigerants can be more complex, the company is designing systems that simplify the application, installation, and service of these new units.

“Controls and control algorithms, including those for defrost, are being updated to make sure that when a refrigerant is chosen, the system will operate properly without any more effort or attention than has been historically required of installers and servicers,” said Bolaños. “Technology advancements are also being employed to sense refrigerant leaks and execute mitigation actions as required by new safety standards for flammable refrigerants.”

At Danfoss, a wide range of products are available today to address systems designed around natural refrigerants with zero or very low GWP, as well as HFO-A2L refrigerants with low GWP, such as R-454A, R-454B, R-454C, R-455A, and others, said Christopher Gangemi, regional segment marketing manager of refrigeration solutions at Danfoss.

“These products range from mechanical and electrical controls that are compatible with both flammable and nonflammable refrigerants, compressors, heat exchangers, and sensors,” he said. “The sensors include leak detectors for CO₂ and the flammable refrigerants that are going to be required on some refrigeration equipment. Semi-hermetic compressors for both CO₂ and HFO-A2L refrigerants are the latest addition to the Danfoss lineup after the acquisition of BOCK earlier this year.”

For over a decade, Copeland has been advancing technologies suitable for lower-GWP refrigerants, beginning with compression platforms optimized for CO2 and R-290, said Kurt Knapke, vice-president solution strategy at Copeland. He noted that recent regulatory changes have also paved the way for lower-flammability A2L refrigerants and larger charges of R-290 in specific commercial refrigeration end uses.

“In anticipation of the imminent approval of these lower-GWP alternatives, Copeland has been optimizing our compressor platforms to meet market demand,” he said. “Copeland continues to lead in the development of state-of-the-art, fully integrated CO2 compression, system, and case system controls technologies, as well as essential high-pressure valves and components. Our commitment to innovation has resulted in improvements in reliability, performance, and energy efficiency — while simplifying the application of CO2 in commercial refrigeration.”

Copeland currently offers subcritical CO2 scroll compressors, transcritical CO2 semi-hermetic compressors, and subcritical CO2 semi-hermetic compressors. The CO2 transcritical and subcritical semi-hermetic compressors are equipped with on-board electronics to enable communication with the E3 supervisory control, designed specifically for CO2 systems, said Knapke. In addition, the company offers scroll compressors, hermetic reciprocating compressors, condensing units, drives, and electronic componentry rated for use with R-290. Copeland is also expanding its high-horsepower, R-290, scroll platform from .75 to 4 HP, supporting charges up to 500 grams.

Finally, Copeland scroll, semi-hermetic, hermetic reciprocating, and condensing unit platforms are being optimized for use with R-455A (146 GWP), R-454C (148 GWP), and R-454A (238 GWP).

“We’re integrating our leading-edge compression technologies, leak detection sensors, and E3 supervisory control platform to create next-generation solutions designed to maximize A2L application safety and refrigeration reliability,” said Knapke. “Copeland is also optimizing its variable-speed compression technologies for use with lower-GWP refrigerant alternatives, such as CO2, R-290, and A2Ls.”

Zero Zone manufactures refrigerated display cases, as well as commercial and industrial refrigeration systems, that cover a wide range of applications utilizing low-GWP refrigerants. For example, their Genesys Natural Refrigeration Solutions, CO2 (R-744), and ammonia (R-717) systems, not only meet regulatory demands, but present the end user with unique options to seamlessly fit their business needs and sustainability goals, said Jason Harren, industrial sales manager-Central at Zero Zone.

DAUNTING TASK: Making a mechanical change from HFCs to low-GWP alternatives can be a daunting task for food retailers. (Courtesy of Zero Zone)

“The Genesys product line presents a complete solution — a package system ready to install and commission,” he said. “Keeping service in mind, Zero Zone is currently designing systems that are better for service, while offering support and training to technicians and customers transitioning to the use of low-GWP refrigerants. Our reputation is built on over 60 years of innovation, quality, and responsiveness, and we intend to continue down the path as the world transitions to low-GWP refrigerants.”

“Overall, leak detection can help mitigate the potential of a refrigeration system running inefficiently, reduce service costs, and eliminate food loss.”

- Christopher Gangemi
Regional segment marketing manager of refrigeration solutions
Danfoss

Making the Change

That said, making a mechanical change from HFCs to low-GWP alternatives can be a daunting task for food retailers — especially because each of the alternatives has different cost impacts, whether upfront or in the future, said Harren.

“One major factor that food retailers need to consider is the energy efficiency and operating costs of some of the alternatives,” he said. “In addition, store owners will have to consider whether there are local contractors who can service the new equipment, as well as the status of local codes and service part availability. These factors could drive owners to repair rather than replace their equipment, but the decision cannot be made without weighing all options.”

Gangemi agrees that food retailers must look at first cost, budgets, and availability of properly trained technicians when considering low-GWP systems. Regardless of the choice made, any existing HFC equipment and systems will need to be decommissioned and replaced by new equipment designed specifically for the low-GWP refrigerants, he said. That’s because there is not a drop-in, low-GWP replacement refrigerant available today for existing equipment. However, new low-GWP systems will benefit end users in several ways.

“For food retailers with a facility management program, leak detection technologies can provide early detection of leaks as they emerge and allow for appropriate actions to be taken to prevent the leak from spreading too far,” said Gangemi. “Overall, leak detection can help mitigate the potential of a refrigeration system running inefficiently, reduce service costs, and eliminate food loss.”

The advancement of low-GWP technologies will also provide opportunities for food retailers to achieve energy-efficiency, performance, and sustainability improvements, said Knapke. For example, he noted that Copeland variable-speed compression technology can modulate capacity from 25% to 180% and deliver 20% to 30% energy-efficiency gains over their fixed-speed counterparts.

“From a refrigeration performance perspective, this enables precise load matching, tighter temperature control, and improved food quality and safety,” he said. “When compared to fixed-speed compression, our lab testing shows that variable-speed technology reduces compressor cycling by 90% — eliminating excessive compressor wear and tear, lowering maintenance costs, and extending equipment lifecycles.”

Knapke added that food retailers are also maximizing the sustainability potential of CO2 by deploying heat reclamation strategies in their facilities for a variety of purposes, such as HVAC, hot water, and concrete slab heating.

Contractors can help their food retail customers make the right choice of low-GWP equipment by having a full understanding of the refrigerants and regulatory landscape, said Bolaños. This includes understanding the latest updates to facilitate an effective, comprehensive discussion with customers to make sure they are clear on the options available, what the advantages and disadvantages are for each, and how to best think through selecting the right refrigerant and technologies for today, tomorrow, and the foreseeable future.

“In addition, lean on a company like Heatcraft to whatever extent you need, whether it is simply for a quick update or in-depth scenario reviews where it may even make sense for us to join in the conversation,” he added. “And be sure you fully consider federal, state, and municipal regulations, codes and standards to avoid any surprises.”

Contractors and technicians should also be fully trained on how to work with the alternative refrigerants, as safety is the top priority, said Bolaños. “Whether working with the mildly flammable A2Ls, the quite flammable A3s like propane, or the higher pressures of CO2, all of us must be experts in handling refrigerants and installing, servicing, repairing, and maintaining equipment.”

SAFETY FIRST: Contractors and technicians should be fully trained on how to work with alternative refrigerants, as safety is the top priority. (Courtesy of Heatcraft)

Future Technologies

Looking toward future advancements, Copeland anticipates that lower-GWP systems will take the lead as the primary technologies in the commercial refrigeration sector. In making this refrigerant transition, said Knapke, it is likely that manufacturers will conduct evaluations for full-system improvements, which could include energy-efficient, variable-speed compression technologies, which have been underutilized in commercial refrigeration.

“Connected technologies that leverage the internet of things (IoT) will also likely become more commonplace — simplifying system complexities, automating performance management, and opening opportunities for grid interactivity and load shedding,” said Knapke.

Danfoss also believes that IoT connectivity, along with cloud technologies, remote monitoring, and artificial intelligence are trends that will change the industry, said Gangemi. He noted that these technologies are expected to lend to better equipment performance, faster responsiveness to failures, and predictive maintenance.

“Capturing and reusing heat created as a byproduct of refrigeration systems is a trend that is also expected to grow,” he said. “Heat recovery units that capture this heat can be deployed and then used to heat water and space heating needs.”

As the industry continues to develop new and improved energy-efficient technologies — especially for CO2 — Harren expects to see advancements in parallel compression, adiabatic gas coolers, ejectors, and pressure exchangers. “Zero Zone is also exploring alternative low-GWP solutions utilizing propane units that offer more of a plug-and-play approach,” he said.

Heatcraft believes that the increased popularity of CO2 and propane will likely come about as regulations tighten and standards start allowing larger charge amounts of flammable refrigerants.

“Consider the possibility of CO2 becoming the norm, particularly in food retail, in the coming five to 10 years,” said Bolaños. “Nobody has a crystal ball, but watch for developments in federal and state laws and regulations that provide compelling indicators one way or the other.”

 

Contractors Are Key In Refrigerant Transition

When it comes to helping food retailers manage their existing refrigeration systems, as well as choose new low-GWP systems, Kurt Knapke, vice-president solution strategy at Copeland, has the following advice:

Contractors need to be prepared to help their retail customers evaluate their end-of-life equipment strategies and prioritize which systems need to be replaced or remodeled first. For legacy systems that will be in operation for many years to come, contractors will need to make sure to follow refrigerant management best practices. This starts by making the most of their existing HFC supplies by properly recovering and reclaiming refrigerant when working on legacy systems. In addition, it will require making sure that proper leak detection devices are installed on legacy equipment to minimize leaks, reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and ensure peak system performance. Contractors play an integral part in helping to lower the food Retailer Scope 1 emission by finding and eliminating refrigerant leaks.

Contractors will also need to help their retail customers decide whether to repair their existing systems or replace them with new, lower-GWP systems. Lower system charges are driving the move away from large, centralized architectures toward more distributed systems. As a result, contractors and system designers may begin the transition by looking for underperforming sections of existing systems and gradually replacing them with a new, lower-GWP system, such as an A2L remote condensing unit. If a complete store remodel is in order, then a CO2 transcritical booster system may serve as a full-system replacement. Standalone R-290 units will continue to provide flexibility in retailers’ refrigeration portfolios, with the prospect of larger charges supporting even higher-capacity units.

What is important to note is that unlike legacy refrigeration technologies, there is no one-size-fits-all architecture for the next generation of food retail refrigeration. Although retailers will need to balance all factors in the decision-making process when selecting their next-generation system replacements or remodels, total cost of ownership is not always the deciding factor. Sustainability initiatives and operational preferences must be considered for the long term.

November 21, 2023 - By Joanna R. Turpin, ACHR News 
Innovative Technologies In Low-GWP Refrigeration Systems | ACHR News

Simplifying the mystique behind static pressure can be challenging for contractors

MANOMETER MEASUREMENTS: Total external static pressure (TESP) can be identified by placing a manometer probe above the filter and another adjacent to the blower. (Courtesy of National Comfort Institute)

October 18, 2023

Static pressure refers to the forces acting on the inner surfaces of HVAC system ductwork. It serves as an indicator of airflow and can be affected by numerous forms of resistance, including the filter, coil, and design of the duct system.

Static pressure readings offer insight into a system’s effectiveness and efficiency. In addition to serving as an indicator of a system’s health, HVAC contractors may use it as a gateway for system improvements and upsells. Unfortunately, though, many technicians choose not to complete static pressure tests, providing a disservice to customers and leaving potential operational and financial gains on the table.

“We typically want to see a static pressure of less than or around 0.5-inch WC [water column]. Once we reach 0.8-inch WC or higher, we start to see reduced blower motor efficiency, shorter blower life spans, and more overall issues.” - Jesse Testerman, Senior technician Kalos Service

How to Measure Static Pressure

Total external static pressure (TESP) can be identified by placing a manometer probe above the filter and another adjacent to the blower. Manometer probes should point in the opposite direction of airflow to yield the most accurate readings.

Static pressure may either push against the ductwork (positive, on the supply side) or pull against it (negative, on the return side). A technician can measure airflow resistance by adding the readings together.

Numerous obstacles within the system may create unnecessary airflow resistance, said Jesse Testerman, senior technician, Kalos Services, Clermont, Florida.

“Dirty coils or filters can reduce the supply static pressure and will make the TESP low if static pressure is measured before the filter in the return, which can be a misleading airflow indicator,” he said.

When using a manometer as a diagnostic tool, readings can be obtained with or without the filter. A comparison of the two measurements can help determine how much the filter (clean or dirty) may be contributing to the system’s static pressure drop.

“We typically want to see a static pressure of less than or around 0.5-inch WC [water column],” said Testerman. “Once we reach 0.8-inch WC or higher, we start to see reduced blower motor efficiency, shorter blower life spans, and more overall issues.”

Manometers can also be used to locate duct restrictions, as obstacles, such as collapsed ducts, may cause static pressure to increase as the airflow reaches the restriction.

To measure the static pressure drop across the coil, place a manometer probe before the filter or immediately before the blower (above the coil). The reading should show a negative static pressure.

“Some diagnostic apps may have trouble calculating TESP readings in those locations, so you may have to do the math yourself to figure out the pressure drop across the coil,” said Testerman.

Explaining Static Pressure to Customers

In all of her years, Nancy McKeraghan, co-owner, Canco Climate Care, Ontario, Canada, has never received a call from a customer complaining about high or low static pressure.

“Customers simply don’t understand static pressure or the issues it may cause,” she said. “We have to educate them so that they understand exactly what their needs are. Technicians have to take the necessary readings, provide evidence through evaluations, and offer the appropriate solutions.” Describing those problems and solutions can be challenging. To simplify the science, the National Comfort Institute Inc. (NCI) utilizes a custom-designed blood pressure chart. The diagram explains a system’s “health” in a simple, easy-to-understand visual.

“It doesn’t matter if a patient has a stuffy nose or a broken leg, a blood pressure reading is taken on every visit,” said David Richardson, director of training, NCI. “HVAC contractors should take the same approach.”

Static pressure readings, much like blood pressure readings, provide technicians with valuable baseline information and clues to underlying, invisible issues that could be otherwise missed in an HVAC system, said Richardson.

“If a doctor reports high blood pressure, and hints that a heart attack may be on the horizon, patients should be privy to potential solutions,” he said. “Your customers have the same concerns regarding their HVAC systems. If you can predict a premature failure of their system due to high static pressure, shouldn’t they know about it and be offered solutions to correct the problems?”

When Should a Static Pressure Measurement Occur?

Brian Wright, owner and principal, Crossway Mechanical LLC, Tomball, Texas, said his company performs static pressure measurements every day.

“It takes us around 10-15 minutes to drill the ports and test a single-stage system,” he said. “Zoned systems take around 30-45 minutes, because we test each zone. Some homes in our area have three or four zones, so it takes a bit more time.”

When asked how frequently a static pressure test should occur, John Whitehead, co-owner, Honest Heating and Cooling Inc., succinctly replied: on every visit and every piece of HVAC equipment.

“Proper system performance directly affects a customer’s security, safety, and comfort,” he said. “It’s important for us to make sure we’re optimizing each of these attributes for our customers. If we’re not performing static pressure readings, we’re not doing our job to the best of our ability.”

Mark Johnson, vice president, TM Johnson Bros., Grandy, Minnesota, said his company requires static pressure readings on every job, no matter how busy the company’s technicians are.

“We’ve established a culture that calls for a static pressure or combustion test on every call,” he said. “By doing so, we’re creating a savings account for the shoulder seasons. I’d wager about 90% of our customers have static pressure issues, and we’re not doing them justice by not testing or bringing these issues up on every visit.”

Customer Delight

A properly executed static pressure test often leads to more comfortable customers with healthier systems. And happy customers lead to greater customer relationships and more referrals.

“We strive to have a strong customer relationship at every touchpoint,” said McKeraghan. “That rings true when it comes to static pressure, as we want to ensure customers’ systems are running optimally.

“We call customers to remind them of their annual maintenance checks and make conversational notes to follow up with customers who may have been out of town, asking them how their trip went,” she continued. “We are not box sellers; we're solution providers. Most of our customers come from referrals. So that, to me, means we're doing a great job.”

A static pressure test verifies if a system is running improperly and that you’re capable of diagnosing such a problem, said Michael Greany, manager, Aire Rite Air Conditioning.

“Static pressure provides us an opportunity to improve the lives of our customers,” he said. “The data that’s collected shows that improvements need to be made. While customers may not move forward with a solution, it’s your job, as an HVAC professional, to do everything you can to identify and communicate the problem.”

Article courtesy of: Herb Woerpel, ACHR News 

https://www.achrnews.com/articles/153704-static-pressure-readings-offer-a-path-to-optimal-system-performance

Ultimately, if you’re not talking with your customers about available incentives, you are doing homeowners a disservice

PRE-CAPTION: In milder temperatures, a heat pump can generally handle the heating load more efficiently than a gas furnace. (Courtesy of Allied Air Enterprises)

I often get asked about how and when to share incentive information with homeowners. Promoting incentives to homeowners — when it’s not a promotion you’re offering — can have risk written all over it. How long will it take you to research the program so you’re comfortable talking about it? What if the government changes the qualifications? What if a consumer doesn’t have a tax liability and ultimately can’t take the tax credit? It’s understandable that many dealers simply walk away from talking about tax credits — the homeowner’s system broke down, they need a new one, and they’re going to buy something anyway — so why complicate things?

Federal incentives now in place in both the U.S. and Canada are making new heat pump system more enticing for homeowners when they compare it to what they would typically spend on replacing their air conditioner. Many dealers say they are committed to providing consumers with the right solution at the best price possible, especially since our industry has had so many price increases in recent years. Consumers continue to struggle to afford to repair or replace their systems. Why wouldn’t we offer a solution to help people save on upfront costs while also helping to reduce their heating costs throughout the winter months?

Two issues tend to come up when discussing this incentive: “I don’t want to be on the hook for the tax credit in case a consumer doesn’t qualify,” and “we don’t really do heat pumps around here, so I’m just going to stay away from it.” What you’re really selling the consumer on is the fact that the system match meets the qualifications for the incentive. It’s up to them to talk to a tax professional and/or legal advisor to understand if they personally meet the qualifications to use the program. The responsibility of whether a consumer qualifies or not is the responsibility of the consumer, not the contractor. In addition, upfront transparency is important — verbally tell them it is their responsibility to check program qualifications and build it into the written quote the consumer signs when they accept your bid. You likely already have some legal support that can help protect you and your business, and it is wise to consult your legal advisor.

Be prepared for the future!

“We don’t do heat pumps around here” is a sentiment of the past. The market is shifting to heat pumps. Your business can either prepare for this change and get the training needed or get left behind and lose business to your competitors. Heat pumps are not the products of 30 years ago; the technology and the ease of installation have improved substantially. You’ll need to brush up on best practices for installation and weigh in the charge (for example), but it’s important to your business to tackle these things today.

Another misperception: Consumers need or should replace their furnace with a heat pump; they can really just add a heat pump to their furnace with a dual-fuel application. If you think heat pumps don’t produce enough heat, then keep the furnace as part of the system and let it handle the heating load when temperatures are extreme. In milder temperatures, a heat pump can handle the heating load more efficiently than a gas furnace.

Ultimately, if you’re not talking with your customers about available incentives, you are doing homeowners a disservice. Very few people wake up and think to themselves, “you know, it’s time for a new heating and cooling system…” and start to research what’s out there. Because it’s almost always unplanned, consumers are not faced with this type of purchase on a regular basis. It’s up to you to educate them — so it’s best to do it in a transparent way, where your business is protected and prepared for the shift to heat pumps.

Source: https://www.achrnews.com/articles/153673-the-pros-and-cons-of-sharing-heat-pump-tax-credit-incentives-with-homeowners

Cool New Tools for A2L Refrigerants

The transition to mildly flammable alternatives will require spark-free tools

The 2020 AIM Act gave the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) the authority to phase down the consumption and production of high-GWP HFC refrigerants in the U.S. by 85% over the next 15 years. This includes R-410A, which is found in just about every type of residential and commercial air conditioning equipment in the U.S.

While R-410A is a nonflammable (A1) refrigerant, its current replacements for comfort cooling products — R-32 and R-454B — are mildly flammable (A2L). In order to install or service equipment containing these new refrigerants, HVAC contractors and technicians will need to invest in tools that are compatible with the new A2Ls.

Spark-Free Equipment

“A2L compatibility requires intrinsically safe features and arc/spark mitigating build designs.”- Andrew Greaves director of customer experience

NAVAC

The good news for HVACR contractors and technicians is that they don’t have to replace all their tools in order to work on A2L systems. In general, tools that don't touch the refrigerant circuit — such as scales and non-electric hand tools (e.g., wrenches, pipe cutters) — can usually be used for both A1 and A2L systems. However, most of the electronic tools and testing equipment must be rated for use with flammable refrigerants, although these same tools are usually compatible with A1 systems as well.

“Technicians can continue to utilize all their existing service tools and equipment, but they will need a new analog or digital gauge for R-32 or R-454B,” said Chris Carroll, HVACR sales manager at Mastercool Inc. “The other three product categories where they need to review their existing equipment are recovery machines, vacuum pumps, and leak detectors. Existing Mastercool equipment can still be used, but our new spark-free equipment adds another layer of safety when working with A2L or mildly flammable refrigerants.”

One of the key distinguishing factors between tools designed for A1 and A2 systems lies in the spark-free designation. Spark-free tools and test instruments are specifically crafted to minimize the potential risk of ignition, eliminating sparks or arcs that could lead to fires or explosions while working on A2L equipment. That is why all electrical and electronic products must be rated for use with A2L systems, as this prevents the possibility of a spark during operation, said Gary Lampasona, vice president of sales and marketing at Ritchie Engineering Company/Yellow Jacket.

“A2L compatibility requires intrinsically safe features, and arc/spark mitigating build designs such as brushless or sparkless motors, soft-contact switches, and other manufacturing choices that can nearly eliminate the risk of ignition in the field,” said Andrew Greaves, director of customer experience at NAVAC. “For example, NAVAC’s NP7DP2, one of our A2L-compliant vacuum pumps, uses triac-style switches instead of the typical centrifugal switches that use mechanical contact points. Additionally, it uses a sealed thermal overload for the motor versus the typical open-style near-the-motor windings.”

There can be challenges when it comes to designing tools and test instruments for A2L equipment, though. As Diana Liem, head of marketing at Fieldpiece Instruments Inc., noted, “There is more need for sealed switches and for designs to ensure they will not ignite. Different A2L refrigerants also ignite at different temperatures, so the product design needs to ensure they will never reach those temperatures.”

Tool Options

As mentioned above, the four main tool categories that require A2L compatibility are gauges and manifolds, recovery machines, vacuum pumps, and leak detectors. Here are some of the options that are currently available.

Gauges and manifolds

Fieldpiece: The SM480V–SMAN Refrigerant Manifold 4-port features super rugged construction, data logging, temperature-compensated system tightness test, A2L compatibility, water resistance, and the ability to send and receive wireless readings.

Mastercool: The Spartan Series smart four- and two-way manifolds are A2L compliant and offer a large 4-inch color LCD touchscreen display, wireless technology — and, with the tap of a finger, technicians can diagnose and service an air conditioning system. The new compact Black Series Mini-Fold 94261 features 93 refrigerants and also has pre-programmed A2L refrigerants, providing a more affordable digital option. In the analog category, the three-way aluminum manifold 51261 can be used with R-410A and R-32 and is available with easy to read 3-1/8-inch gauges.

NAVAC: The refrigerant-agnostic digital N2D4H manifold gauge features Class 0.4 accuracy, while the analog N2A4B manifold gauge effectively measures the pressure of various gases and liquids used in HVAC systems, including R-32 and R-454B.

Yellow Jacket: The P51 Titan and Series 41 digital manifolds are A2L refrigerant (R-32, R-454A, and R-454B) compatible with PT charts programmed in the product. The A2L Brute II, Titan, and Series 41 analog manifolds and gauges feature large, easy-to-read, and 3-1/8-inch gauges designed for R-32, R-454B, and R-410A.

Recovery machines

Fieldpiece: The MR45 Digital Refrigerant Recovery Machine features a smart, variable-speed, DC motor that accelerates during vapor recovery. The lightweight, A2L-compatible machine also includes an oversize compressor that pumps refrigerant easily and quietly and a large backlit display that shows status messages and pressures.

Mastercool: The 69395 combustible gas recovery machine is built with spark-free components with all electrical wiring and switches sealed. It is compatible with CFCs, HCFCs, and HFCs and can handle both A2L and A3 refrigerants. The 69400 Mini Twin Turbo combustible gas recovery machine is a compact unit that is designed for both A2L and A3 refrigerants, which are commonly used in small self-contained refrigeration systems.

Mastercool 69395 Combustible Gas Recovery Machine.

SPARK FREE: The 69395 combustible gas recovery machine is built with spark-free components with all electrical wiring and switches sealed. (Courtesy of Mastercool)

NAVAC: The A2L-compatible NRDD recovery machine features a brushless DC motor, making it lightweight and efficient; a large backlit display; and twin cylinder compressor with two-row oversized condenser. The NRDC4M DC inverter 4-cylinder recovery unit operates up to 40% faster than two-cylinder units and utilizes an efficient brushless DC motor and ultra-effective condenser with an oversized microchannel coil and three cooling fans.

Yellow Jacket: The TurboRecover (with BLDC motor) and Recover XLT recovery machines feature fast and efficient refrigerant recovery; dual gauge design, which allows for monitoring the system and tank pressures simultaneously; and integrated purge circuit, which clears residual refrigerant.

Vacuum pumps

NAVAC A2L-Compliant NP7DP2 Vacuum Pump.

NEW SWITCHES: The A2L-compliant NP7DP2 vacuum pump uses triac-style switches instead of the typical centrifugal switches. (Courtesy of NAVAC)

Fieldpiece: The VPX7 – 10 CFM Vacuum Pump weighs only 24 pounds and features a ¾-HP DC motor; RunQuick oil change system, which offers on-the-fly oil changes in seconds; and backlit oil reservoir. Also available are the VP87 – 8 CFM and VP67 – 6 CFM vacuum pumps. All are certified for use with A2L refrigerants.

Mastercool: The 90066-BL-SF 6 CFM, single-stage, spark-free, Black Series vacuum pump features all sealed and protected electrical switches, as well as easily removable vapor discharge/oil fill port; large oil level sight glass with max/min level indicator; and easily accessible oil drain valve.

NAVAC: The NP4DLM and NP2DLM vacuum pumps are part of the company’s BreakFree Series of cordless HVACR solutions. The NP4DLM features a high-performance lithium battery capable of up to one hour of continuous running time. The NP2DLM is a compact, lightweight unit suitable for residential HVAC systems up to 5 tons with high-speed evacuation hoses. Other A2L-compatible offerings include the NP7DP2, NRP8Di, and NRP6Di vacuum pumps.

Yellow Jacket: The SuperEvac Plus II and Bullet DC vacuum pumps feature a BLDC motor for high torque and high efficiency; a 10-foot power cord; and locking IEC power cord connector.

Leak detectors

Fieldpiece DR82 Infrared Refrigerant Leak Detector.

IR LEAK DETECTOR: The DR82 – Infrared Refrigerant Leak Detector detects all HFCs, CFCs, HCFCs, HFOs, and blends. (Courtesy of Fieldpiece)

Fieldpiece: The DR82 – Infrared Refrigerant Leak Detector detects all HFCs, CFCs, HCFCs, HFOs, and blends and features state-of-the-art infrared sensor; large backlit LCD screen; and can sniff out leaks at <0.03 oz./year, which is 20 times more sensitive than soap bubbles. The DR58 – Heated Diode Refrigerant Leak Detector detects all HFCs, CFCs, HCFCs, HFOs, H2N2 (tracer gas), and blends and features a bright, LCD screen with easy-to-see bar graphs and numeric readings.

Mastercool: The 55800/55900/55975 Intella-Sense refrigerant leak detectors provide fast response time and employ a new metal oxide gas sensor for the high-sensitivity detection of all combustible gases, hydrogen, and CFCs, HCFCs and HFCs.

Yellow Jacket: The 69320 AccuProbe IR leak detector uses infrared technology for ultimate sensitivity, accuracy, and reliability with audible and visible leak indication.

A2L service tools are already readily available, and many HVAC equipment manufacturers are planning to start introducing their A2L systems later this year or in the first quarter of 2024. That means now is the perfect time for contractors to make sure their technicians have the correct tools and test instruments in order to service these new units.

Greaves added, “In addition to the features and build factors crucial for A2L compatibility, contractors should look for tool manufacturers that provide generous warranty periods, responsive technical support, and commitment to improving their product experience.”

Source: Cool New Tools for A2L Refrigerants | ACHR News

Diagnosing the Failed Compressor

Picture this scenario: It's the end of a long day, and you arrive at your final call to find a malfunctioning HVAC unit. You hope it's a simple issue like a faulty capacitor, but after testing, you realize the compressor may be the culprit. To confirm this, several crucial checks need to be performed.

1. Verify High Voltage and Capacitor: Check the high voltage from the contactor, ensuring it meets specifications. Additionally, ensure the capacitor produces the correct microfarads stated on the capacitor by measuring with a multimeter.

2. Assess Compressor Windings: For permanent split capacitance (PSC) compressors, measure the ohm values of the common, run, and start windings. The sum of the ohm values from common to run and common to start should match the run to start reading. For three-phase compressors, all windings should have similar ohm values.

3. Test for Resistance to Ground: Check the resistance between each compressor pin and ground using a multimeter. Any reading less than one megaohm indicates an electrical failure. Consider using a megohmmeter for more accurate results.

4. Amp Draw and Locked Rotor Amp Rating: Compare the measured amp draw of the compressor to the locked rotor amp rating stated on the unit's data plate. If the amp draw exceeds the rating, the compressor has failed to start.

Determining the Cause of Failure

While electrical tests can identify compressor issues, mechanical failures also occur. To determine if the compressor has mechanically failed, follow these steps:

1. Confirm Proper Voltage and Windings: Ensure the compressor receives the correct voltage, the windings are within manufacturer specifications, and there is no path to ground.

2. Check Start Components: Verify that the start components are functioning correctly, as a faulty component can prevent the compressor from starting.

3. Assess Temperature Change: Measure the temperature difference between the compressor's inlet and discharge pipes. If the temperatures are similar, it indicates compressor bypassing or internal mechanical issues.

4. Verify Phasing (for Three-Phase Compressors): Check the phasing using a phase meter in commercial units. Switching two incoming power wires can help identify if the compressor fails due to out-of-phase supply power.

The Wrap Up

By diligently performing these diagnostic tests and investigations, HVAC technicians can accurately determine the causes of compressor failures. Understanding electrical and mechanical aspects allows for better decision-making when replacing compressors, reducing callbacks, and ensuring customer satisfaction. Remember, thorough compressor autopsies are crucial to maintaining the integrity of HVAC systems and preserving professional reputations.

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This article is adapted from the CE HVAC Tech Tips podcast hosted by CE Customer Assurance Managers. Available on Apple Podcasts and Spotify.

Jack Cauffman and Brooks Whitson

Note: All the information shared in this article is intended for licensed HVAC professionals. Only trained and qualified personnel should design, install, repair, and service HVAC systems and equipment. All national standards and safety codes must be followed when designing, installing, repairing, and servicing HVAC systems and equipment. The Contractor is responsible for meeting local codes, standards, and ordinances.

Source: Carrier Enterprise